The rule changes also caused unintended consequences to enter the equation. When drugs or alcoholic beverages are prohibited, they will become more potent, will have greater variability in potency, will be adulterated with unknown or dangerous substances, and will not be produced and consumed under normal market constraints. Statistics indicate that for a long time Americans spent a falling share of income on alcoholic beverages. They also purchased higher quality brands and weaker types of alcoholic beverages.
Before Prohibition, Americans spent roughly equal amounts on beer and spirits. Beer became relatively more expensive because of its bulk, and it might have disappeared altogether except for homemade beer and near beer, which could be converted into real beer. Figure 2 shows that the underground economy swiftly moved from the production of beer to the production of the more potent form of alcohol, spirits.
Fisher used retail alcohol prices to demonstrate that Prohibition was working by raising the price and decreasing the quantity produced. However, his price quotations also revealed that the Iron Law of Prohibition was at work. A number of observers of Prohibition noted that the potency of alcoholic products rose. Not only did producers and consumers switch to stronger alcoholic beverages from beer to whiskey , but producers supplied stronger forms of particular beverages, such as fortified wine.
The typical beer, wine, or whiskey contained a higher percentage of alcohol by volume during Prohibition than it did before or after. Even Fisher, the preeminent academic supporter of Prohibition, recognized the danger of such products. The reason, of course, is that bootleg liquor is so concentrated and almost invariably contains other and more deadly poisons than mere ethyl alcohol.
There were few if any production standards during Prohibition, and the potency and quality of products varied greatly, making it difficult to predict their effect. The production of moonshine during Prohibition was undertaken by an army of amateurs and often resulted in products that could harm or kill the consumer. Those products were also likely to contain dangerous adulterants, a government requirement for industrial alcohol. In the national toll was 4, as compared to 1, in Patterns of consumption changed during Prohibition.
It could be argued that Prohibition increased the demand for alcohol among three groups. It heightened the attractiveness of alcohol to the young by making it a glamour product associated with excitement and intrigue. The high prices and profits during Prohibition enticed sellers to try to market their products to nondrinkers — undoubtedly, with some success. Prohibition may actually have increased drinking and intemperance by increasing the availability of alcohol. One New Jersey businessman claimed that there were 10 times more places one could get a drink during Prohibition than there had been before.
Lee found that there were twice as many speak easies in Rochester, New York, as saloons closed by Prohibition. That was more or less true throughout the country. Another setback for prohibitionists was their loss of control over the location of drinking establishments.
The amount of medicinal alcohol 95 percent pure alcohol sold increased by percent during the same time. Prohibitionists wanted and expected people to switch their spending from alcohol to dairy products, modern appliances, life insurance, savings, and education.
That simply did not happen. Not only did spending on alcohol increase, so did spending on substitutes for alcohol. In addition to patent medicines, consumers switched to narcotics, hashish, tobacco, and marijuana. Those products were potentially more dangerous and addictive than alcohol, and procuring them often brought users into contact with a more dangerous, criminal element. The harmful results of the Iron Law of Prohibition more than offset any benefits of decreasing consumption, which had been anticipated but did not occur.
On closer examination, however, that success is an illusion. Prohibition did not improve health and hygiene in America as anticipated. Cirrhosis of the liver has been found to pose a significant health risk, particularly in women who consume more than four drinks per day. An examination of death rates does reveal a dramatic drop in deaths due to alcoholism and cirrhosis, but the drop occurred during World War I, before enforcement of Prohibition.
The death rate from alcoholism and cirrhosis also declined rather dramatically in Denmark, Ireland, and Great Britain during World War I, but rates in those countries continued to fall during the s in the absence of prohibition when rates in the United States were either rising or stable. Prohibitionists such as Irving Fisher lamented that the drunkards must be forgotten in order to concentrate the benefits of Prohibition on the young.
Prevent the young from drinking and let the older alcoholic generations die out. However, if that had happened, we could expect the average age of people dying from alcoholism and cirrhosis to have increased. But the average age of people dying from alcoholism fell by six months between and , a period of otherwise general improvement in the health of young people.
There appear to have been no health benefits from Prohibition. As early as Clarence Darrow and Victor Yarros could cite several studies showing that moderate drinking does not shorten life or seriously affect health and that in general it may be beneficial. Studies continue to find the same results and that problems with alcohol are associated with excess — a problem with most goods. Not all prohibitionists were blind to the potential benefits of alcohol.
However, many were technocrats or Progressives, and if some benefit of alcohol were admitted they would have been forced to conclude that the government should act to encourage moderate consumption of alcohol. At the beginning of Prohibition, the Reverend Billy Sunday stirred audiences with this optimistic prediction:.
The reign of tears is over. The slums will soon be a memory. We will turn our prisons into factories and our jails into storehouses and corncribs. Men will walk upright now, women will smile and children will laugh. Hell will be forever for rent. He and other champions of Prohibition expected it to reduce crime and solve a host of social problems by eliminating the Demon Rum. Early temperance reformers claimed that alcohol was responsible for everything from disease to broken homes.
High on their list of evils were the crime and poverty associated with intemperance. They felt that the burden of taxes could be reduced if prisons and poorhouses could be emptied by abstinence.
That perspective was largely based on interviews of inmates of prisons and poorhouses who claimed that their crimes and poverty were the result of alcohol. Software ini sebenarnya hampir sama fungsinya dengan Daemon Tools. Anda hanya perlu membuat virtual disk untuk kemudian File ISO dari game tersebut anda mount ke virtual disk dan dapat anda jalankan dengan sangat mudah tanpa perlu membeli DVD untuk menginstal suatu games atau software. Alcohol Full ini dapat anda instal di semua versi windows mulai dari windows xp, windows 7, dan juga windows 8.
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